In Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model, who encodes messages and what readings can audiences decode?

In Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model, who encodes messages and what readings can audiences decode?

• A. Audiences encode messages via codes; audiences decode with literal readings only.
• B. Directors encode messages via cues; audiences decode with single agreed reading.
• C. Writers encode messages via codes; audiences decode with persuasive readings.
• D. Producers encode messages via codes; audiences decode with preferred, negotiated, or oppositional readings.

Answer: (D)